In 2012-13, following extensive consultation with relevant departments, Chapter 9 institutions and civil society, South Africa's failure to pass legislation, criminalising torture was identified as being the greatest impediment to it ratifying OPCAT. This obstacle was addressed in 2013 when the Prevention and Combating of Torture of Persons Act, 2013, was enacted. A further delay to the ratification of OPCAT was as a result of discussions and consultations regarding the appropriate NPM model to be implemented.