. Existing infrastructure was deteriorating, resulting in significant water losses. . Limited functionality around water conservation and demand. . Pollution of rivers and dams. . Inadequate maintenance of all infrastructure. . Inadequate institutional arrangements (lack of municipal institutional arrangements, lack of suitable and trained staff and limited or no service quality monitoring). . Funding and financial challenges (lack of revenue, indigent policies and enforcement, private sector investors and lenders not attracted to invest in infrastructure roll-out). . MIG constraints which were attributed to the adverse implementation of the water sanitation projects.