. Ad-hoc national policies and legislative amendments are constraining sustainability of revenue of municipalities. Examples of this include the Administrative Adjudication of Road Traffic Offences Act, No. 46 of 1998 (AARTO), which is not functional and costs money; the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) tariff processes that are not aligned to the MFMA budget process and rates ratios for categories of properties in terms of the Municipal Property Rates Act; and others.