i. Marine pollution - sewage, oils, man-made debris ii. Ecological balance - overfishing and destructive fishing practices, reduced biodiversity, transfer of alien species. iii. Habitat change - climate change, rising sea level and coastal flooding. iv. Maritime security - including non-traditional threats, trafficking in weapons, piracy and armed robbery. v. Ocean governance - the complex nature of the oceans and divergent sectoral interests demand coherent policies and measures that promote partnerships among stakeholders at international and national levels.