Mr Anton Molden, Environmental Advisor for the South Africa Petroleum Industry Association (SAPIA), indicated that the crude refinery sector accounted for only about 0.5% of the national green house gas emissions. The sector's emissions were not primarily from carbon, but from fuels in the refinery, such as fuel oil and fuel gas. The sector could achieve a maximum 10% reduction in its emissions, but the cost of achieving this was extremely high and further brought into question the cost effectiveness of such an endeavour. The crude refinery sector's regulatory cost was also increasingly high, and had been influenced by government's regulatory decisions lately. The introduction of a carbon tax would have an adverse effect on the return on investment in the sector, as the price of products produced by the sector was currently being regulated. This could result in the discouragement of investors to sustain investment in the sector.