a. According to the National Port Authority, the lack of infrastructure investment contributed to the deterioration of port facilities. Therefore port infrastructure needs upgrading which would be partially funded through higher port charges. b. High port charges have increased transport costs for exports and imports which could contribute to decline in the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector. c. There were general challenges to attract future investment from especially multinationals, as South Africa was facing several administered price hikes as well as skills shortages, low productivity levels and the perceived restrictive labour environment made it relatively uncompetitive compared to other developing countries.