According to their submission, transformation in the milk producers' sector was taking place at three tiers. In the upper tier, various joint ventures in the Eastern Cape were operating very successfully. The landowners were previously disadvantaged individuals, and their cows and initial management were provided by commercial farmers on a 50/50 equity basis. Amadlelo Agri (Pty) Ltd involved a number of commercial dairy farmers in KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape, who had invested funds into an investment company that also included the Landbank. The Grassland Development Trust and Grassland Agriculture were operating a unique share milking partnership. In the middle tier, some emerging farmers had advanced to milking more than 100 cows, and had become independent after they were mentored. Jackalskraal Trust, near Plettenberg Bay, was a project owned by the coloured community of Kranskop, which was successfully milking 230 cows. At Elim, Western Cape, a dairy had been established through grants from the Provincial Department of Agriculture, which should become profitable when a greater number of cows were in production off pasture.