A study conducted by the HSRC showed that there are structures aimed at improving governance in schools, but these structures are not being fully utilised. Further, the criterion used for promoting teachers was not known among teachers. Government needs to be more transparent in this respect. According to the HSRC, there is a need for universal access to the Early Childhood Development (ECD) programme and the number of 0-4 year old children in the ECD should doubled by 2014. This will reduce the number of grade 1 learners who start school without adequate foundation and preparation at ECD level.